Finding user details with SID is lengthy with .Net or with vbScript. Wow to Powershell with AD Module.

Import-Module ActiveDirectory
Get-ADUser "S-1-5-21-1757981266-130045698-682003330-37842"

The same with .Net framework

$SID = Read-Host -Prompt "Enter SID: "
$objSID = New-Object System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier($SID) 
$objUser = $objSID.Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]) 
$objUser.Value